Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government


Print ISSN: 2204-1990

Online ISSN: 1323-6903

Volume26, Issue2

Hydroxychloroquine- A Saviour from The Past - A Review

Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 2020, Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 1310-1317
10.47750/cibg.2020.26.02.179

Abstract

Hydroxychloroquine is a widely used anti-malarial drug that has been under study for its effect against coronavirus. It has a wide range of applications for various reasons. It also causes certain side effects in the human body when consumed for long. HCQ has been a proven treatment plant for autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and SLE. Hydroxychloroquine is a widely used anti-malarial drug. It possesses various benefits and is also used in autoimmune disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is known to be a derivative of Chloroquine.  In this review, we aim to analyze the properties of HCQ, know about the side effects and understand its role in treating COVID-19 and summarize our observations. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed the use of HCQ in COVID-19 were included. Other articles which had data regarding HCQ- side effects, structure and its applications were also included.  A total of about 70 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 30 studies were finally obtained.This review summarized the use of HCQ in COVID-19. Its structure, and other roles in treatment of Autoimmune disorders were also discussed in detail. 
Keywords:
Main Subjects:

  1. Anitha, R. and Ashwini, S. (2017) ‘Antihyperglycemic activity of Caralluma fimbriata: An In vitro approach’, Pharmacognosy Magazine, p. 499. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_59_17.
  2. Ashwini, S., Ezhilarasan, D. and Anitha, R. (2017) ‘Cytotoxic Effect of Caralluma fimbriata Against Human Colon Cancer Cells’, Pharmacognosy Journal, pp. 204–207. doi: 10.5530/pj.2017.2.34.
  3. Baden, L. R. and Rubin, E. J. (2020) ‘Covid-19 — The Search for Effective Therapy’, New England Journal of Medicine, pp. 1851–1852. doi: 10.1056/nejme2005477.
  4. Bai, Y. et al. (2020) ‘Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19’, JAMA, p. 1406. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2565.
  5. Baron, S. A. et al. (2020) ‘Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?’, International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(4), p. 105944.
  6. Ben-Zvi, I. et al. (2012) ‘Hydroxychloroquine: From Malaria to Autoimmunity’, Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, pp. 145–153. doi: 10.1007/s12016-010-8243-x.
  7. Chaitanya, N. et al. (2018) ‘An insight and update on the analgesic properties of vitamin C’, Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, p. 119. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_12_18.
  8. Chandrasekar, R. et al. (2020) ‘Development and validation of a formula for objective assessment of cervical vertebral bone age’, Progress in orthodontics, 21(1), p. 38.
  9. Chen, Y., Liu, Q. and Guo, D. (2020) ‘Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis’, Journal of Medical Virology, pp. 418–423. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25681.
  10. Clowse, M. E. B. et al. (2006) ‘Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy’, Arthritis & Rheumatism, pp. 3640–3647. doi: 10.1002/art.22159.
  11. Cunningham, A. C., Goh, H. P. and Koh, D. (2020) ‘Treatment of COVID-19: old tricks for new challenges’, Critical care / the Society of Critical Care Medicine, 24(1), p. 91.
  12. Dave, P. H. and Preetha (2016) ‘Pathogenesis and Novel Drug for Treatment of Asthma-A Review’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1519. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00297.3.
  13. Deogade, S., Gupta, P. and Ariga, P. (2018) ‘Effect of monopoly-coating agent on the surface roughness of a tissue conditioner subjected to cleansing and disinfection: A Contact Profilometric In vitro study’, Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, p. 122. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_112_18.
  14. Dong, L., Hu, S. and Gao, J. (2020) ‘Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)’, Drug discoveries & therapeutics, 14(1), pp. 58–60.
  15. Dua, K. et al. (2019) ‘The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress’, Drug development research, 80(6), pp. 714–730.
  16. Duraisamy, R. et al. (2019) ‘Compatibility of Nonoriginal Abutments With Implants: Evaluation of Microgap at the Implant-Abutment Interface, With Original and Nonoriginal Abutments’, Implant dentistry, 28(3), pp. 289–295.
  17. Ezhilarasan, D., Lakshmi, T., Vijayaragavan, R., et al. (2017) ‘Acacia catechu ethanolic bark extract induces apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells’, Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, p. 143. doi: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_73_17.
  18. Ezhilarasan, D., Lakshmi, T., Nagaich, U., et al. (2017) ‘Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract triggers apoptosis of SCC-25 cells’, Pharmacognosy Magazine, p. 405. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_458_16.
  19. Ezhilarasan, D. (2018) ‘Oxidative stress is bane in chronic liver diseases: Clinical and experimental perspective’, Arab journal of gastroenterology: the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology, 19(2), pp. 56–64.
  20. Ezhilarasan, D., Apoorva, V. S. and Ashok Vardhan, N. (2019) ‘Syzygium cumini extract induced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(2), pp. 115–121.
  21. Ezhilarasan, D., Sokal, E. and Najimi, M. (2018) ‘Hepatic fibrosis: It is time to go with hepatic stellate cell-specific therapeutic targets’, Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international: HBPD INT, 17(3), pp. 192–197.
  22. Ferner, R. E. and Aronson, J. K. (2020) ‘Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19’, BMJ, p. m1432. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1432.
  23. Fox, R. I. (1993) ‘Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug’, Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, pp. 82–91. doi: 10.1016/s0049-0172(10)80012-5.
  24. G, A. et al. (2017) ‘TARGETING THE TARGET USING NANOPARTICLES - A REVIEW’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, p. 6. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.19734.
  25. Gheena, S. and Ezhilarasan, D. (2019a) ‘Syringic acid triggers reactive oxygen species-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells’, Human & experimental toxicology, 38(6), pp. 694–702.
  26. Gheena, S. and Ezhilarasan, D. (2019b) ‘Syringic acid triggers reactive oxygen species–mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells’, Human & Experimental Toxicology, pp. 694–702. doi: 10.1177/0960327119839173.
  27. Gomathi, A. C. et al. (2020) ‘Anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous fruit shell extract of Tamarindus indica on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line’, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, p. 101376. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101376.
  28. Guan, W.-J. et al. (2020) ‘Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China’, New England Journal of Medicine, pp. 1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2002032.
  29. Gurunathan, D. and Shanmugaavel, A. K. (2016) ‘Dental neglect among children in Chennai’, Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 34(4), pp. 364–369.
  30. Jeevanandan, G. and Govindaraju, L. (2018) ‘Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: a double blinded randomised clinical trial’, European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, pp. 273–278. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018-0356-6.
  31. Jordan, P. et al. (1999) ‘Hydroxychloroquine Overdose: Toxicokinetics and Management’, Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, pp. 861–864. doi: 10.1081/clt-100102466.
  32. J, P. C. et al. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research, 20(4), pp. 531–534.
  33. Karthiga, P., Rajeshkumar, S. and Annadurai, G. (2018) ‘Mechanism of Larvicidal Activity of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Garcinia mangostana Bark Extract’, Journal of Cluster Science, pp. 1233–1241. doi: 10.1007/s10876-018-1441-z.
  34. Lakshmi, T. et al. (2015) ‘Azadirachta indica: A herbal panacea in dentistry - An update’, Pharmacognosy reviews, 9(17), pp. 41–44.
  35. Lipsitch, M., Swerdlow, D. L. and Finelli, L. (2020) ‘Defining the Epidemiology of Covid-19 — Studies Needed’, New England Journal of Medicine, pp. 1194–1196. doi: 10.1056/nejmp2002125.
  36. Liu, J. et al. (2020) ‘Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro’, Cell Discovery. doi: 10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0.
  37. Lover, A. A. (no date) ‘Quantifying treatment effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for COVID-19: a secondary analysis of an open label non-randomized clinical trial (Gautret et al, 2020)’. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.22.20040949.
  38. Malli Sureshbabu, N. et al. (2019) ‘Concentrated Growth Factors as an Ingenious Biomaterial in Regeneration of Bony Defects after Periapical Surgery: A Report of Two Cases’, Case reports in dentistry, 2019, p. 7046203.
  39. Mathew, M. G. et al. (2020) ‘Evaluation of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, plaque accumulation on zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and surrounding gingival inflammation in primary molars: Randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, pp. 1–6.
  40. Mehta, M. et al. (2019) ‘Oligonucleotide therapy: An emerging focus area for drug delivery in chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases’, Chemico-biological interactions, 308, pp. 206–215.
  41. Menon, S. et al. (2018) ‘Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism’, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, pp. 280–292. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.006.
  42. Molina, J. M. et al. (2020) ‘No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection’, Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, p. 384. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006.
  43. Owens, B. (2020) ‘Excitement around hydroxychloroquine for treating COVID-19 causes challenges for rheumatology’, The Lancet Rheumatology, p. e257. doi: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30089-8.
  44. Panchal, V., Jeevanandan, G. and Subramanian, E. M. G. (2019) ‘Comparison of post-operative pain after root canal instrumentation with hand K-files, H-files and rotary Kedo-S files in primary teeth: a randomised clinical trial’, European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 20(5), pp. 467–472.
  45. Pc, J., Marimuthu, T. and Devadoss, P. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research. Available at: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29624863.
  46. Perumalsamy, H. et al. (2018) ‘In silico and in vitro analysis of coumarin derivative induced anticancer effects by undergoing intrinsic pathway mediated apoptosis in human stomach cancer’, Phytomedicine: international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 46, pp. 119–130.
  47. Prabakar, J. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Retention, Cariostatic Effect and Discoloration of Conventional and Hydrophilic Sealants - A Single Blinded Randomized Split Mouth Clinical Trial’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 9(Suppl 2), pp. S233–S239.
  48. Rainsford, K. D. et al. (2015) ‘Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases’, Inflammopharmacology, pp. 231–269. doi: 10.1007/s10787-015-0239-y.
  49. Rajendran, R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of a Paste Containing Bioactive Glass and a Topical Cream Containing Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: An in Vitro Study’, Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.4034/pboci.2019.191.61.
  50. Rajeshkumar, S., Kumar, S. V., et al. (2018) ‘Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles usingMangifera indica leaves and evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties in lung cancer (A549) cells’, Enzyme and microbial technology, 117, pp. 91–95.
  51. Rajeshkumar, S., Agarwal, H., et al. (2018) ‘Brassica oleracea Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and its Antibacterial Activity against Pathogenic Bacteria’, Asian Journal of Chemistry, pp. 2711–2715. doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2018.21562.
  52. Rajeshkumar, S. et al. (2019) ‘Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles mediated through Cissus arnotiana plant extract’, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 197, p. 111531.
  53. Ramadurai, N. et al. (2019) ‘Effectiveness of 2% Articaine as an anesthetic agent in children: randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, 23(9), pp. 3543–3550.
  54. Ramakrishnan, M., Dhanalakshmi, R. and Subramanian, E. M. G. (2019) ‘Survival rate of different fixed posterior space maintainers used in Paediatric Dentistry - A systematic review’, The Saudi dental journal, 31(2), pp. 165–172.
  55. Ramesh, A. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative estimation of sulfiredoxin levels between chronic periodontitis and healthy patients - A case-control study’, Journal of periodontology, 89(10), pp. 1241–1248.
  56. Rathi, S. et al. (2020) ‘Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for COVID-19 contacts in India’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30313-3.
  57. R, H. et al. (2020) ‘CYP2 C9 polymorphism among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its role in altering the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene’, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, pp. 306–312. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.021.
  58. Rome, B. N. and Avorn, J. (2020) ‘Drug Evaluation during the Covid-19 Pandemic’, New England Journal of Medicine. doi: 10.1056/nejmp2009457.
  59. Rothan, H. A. and Byrareddy, S. N. (2020) ‘The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak’, Journal of Autoimmunity, p. 102433. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433.
  60. Sahraei, Z. et al. (2020) ‘Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine’, International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(4), p. 105945.
  61. Sallard, E. et al. (2020) ‘Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19’, Antiviral Research, p. 104791. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104791.
  62. Samuel, S. R. (2021) ‘Can 5-year-olds sensibly self-report the impact of developmental enamel defects on their quality of life?’, International journal of paediatric dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children, 31(2), pp. 285–286.
  63. Samuel, S. R., Acharya, S. and Rao, J. C. (2020) ‘School Interventions-based Prevention of Early-Childhood Caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial’, Journal of public health dentistry, 80(1), pp. 51–60.
  64. Selvan, S. R. and Ganapathy, D. (2016) ‘Efficacy of fifth generation cephalosporins against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-A review’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1815. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00369.3.
  65. Sharma, P. et al. (2019) ‘Emerging trends in the novel drug delivery approaches for the treatment of lung cancer’, Chemico-biological interactions, 309, p. 108720.
  66. Shen, K. et al. (2020) ‘Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement’, World Journal of Pediatrics. doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7.
  67. Singh, A. K. et al. (2020) ‘Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries’, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, pp. 241–246. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011.
  68. Sohrabi, C. et al. (2020) ‘Corrigendum to “World Health Organization declares Global Emergency: A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)” [Int. J. Surg. 76 (2020) 71–76]’, International Journal of Surgery, p. 217. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.03.036.
  69. Sridharan, G. et al. (2019) ‘Evaluation of salivary metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(4), pp. 299–306.
  70. Stein, M., Bell, M. J. and Ang, L. C. (2000) ‘Hydroxychloroquine neuromyotoxicity’, The Journal of rheumatology, 27(12), pp. 2927–2931.
  71. Subashri, A. and Uma Maheshwari, T. N. (2016) ‘Knowledge and attitude of oral hygiene practice among dental students’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1840. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00375.9.
  72. Subasree, S., Murthykumar, K. and Dhanraj (2016) ‘Effect of Aloe Vera in Oral Health-A Review’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 609. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00116.5.
  73. Tehrani, R. et al. (2008) ‘Ocular Toxicity of Hydroxychloroquine’, Seminars in Ophthalmology, pp. 201–209. doi: 10.1080/08820530802049962.
  74. Touret, F. and de Lamballerie, X. (2020) ‘Of chloroquine and COVID-19’, Antiviral research, 177, p. 104762.
  75. Varghese, S. S., Ramesh, A. and Veeraiyan, D. N. (2019) ‘Blended Module-Based Teaching in Biostatistics and Research Methodology: A Retrospective Study with Postgraduate Dental Students’, Journal of dental education, 83(4), pp. 445–450.
  76. Vijayalakshmi, B. and Ganapathy, D. (2016) ‘Medical management of cellulitis’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 2067. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00422.4.
  77. Vijayashree Priyadharsini, J. (2019) ‘In silico validation of the non-antibiotic drugs acetaminophen and ibuprofen as antibacterial agents against red complex pathogens’, Journal of periodontology, 90(12), pp. 1441–1448.
  78. Vijayashree Priyadharsini, J., Smiline Girija, A. S. and Paramasivam, A. (2018) ‘In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species’, Archives of oral biology, 94, pp. 93–98.
  79. Vishnu Prasad, S. et al. (2018) ‘Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India’, Special care in dentistry: official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry, 38(1), pp. 58–59.
  80. Wahab, P. U. A. et al. (2018) ‘Scalpel Versus Diathermy in Wound Healing After Mucosal Incisions: A Split-Mouth Study’, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 76(6), pp. 1160–1164.
  81. Website (no date). Available at: 20. Ren, J. L., Zhang, A. H., & Wang, X. J. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment. Pharmacological research, 155, 104743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104743 (Accessed: 1 June 2020).
  82. Weiner, A. et al. (1991) ‘Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy’, American Journal of Ophthalmology, pp. 528–534. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76853-9.
  83. Wondafrash, D. Z. et al. (2020) ‘Potential Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review on Preclinical and Clinical Trial Studies’, Journal of diabetes research, 2020, p. 5214751.
  84. Xu, X. et al. (2020) ‘Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 10970–10975. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005615117.
  85. Yazdany, J. and Kim, A. H. J. (2020) ‘Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Every Clinician Should Know’, Annals of Internal Medicine. doi: 10.7326/m20-1334.
  86. Zhou, D., Dai, S.-M. and Tong, Q. (2020) ‘COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression’, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkaa114.

  • Article View: 6
  • PDF Download: 9
Journal Information

Publisher: Society of Business and management

Email:  info@cibg.org.au