Preventive Management of Covid 19 Using Soap and Hand Sanitizer -A Review.
Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government,
2020, Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 1434-1439
10.47750/cibg.2020.26.02.190
Abstract
Handwashing is thought to be effective for the prevention of transmission of infectious pathogens. Scientific studies have shown that after hand washing 80 % of individuals retain some pathogenic bacteria on their hands. The purpose of handwashing is to remove potentially harmful organisms from hands preventing the transmission from person to person. Handwashing with non-antibacterial soap and sanitizer was more effective for the removal of bacteria in the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases. Effective handwashing with soap requires reliable access to the quality of water used. The antimicrobial antibacterial, antiviral efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizers and soap were compared. The use of soaps for hand hygiene appeared to be less efficacious against Gram-negative organisms. The comparative study addresses the feasibility and health impacts of promoting hand sanitizer as an alternative hand hygiene option for which water-constrained environments should be assessed. However, both hand sanitizers and soaps can be used as effective measures to control the spread of diseases.
Keywords:
Main Subjects:
- Aiello, A. E. et al. (2008) ‘Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis’, American Journal of Public Health, pp. 1372–1381. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2007.124610.
- Ansari, S. A. et al. (1988) ‘Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces’, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, pp. 1513–1518. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.8.1513-1518.1988.
- Atmar, R. L. et al. (2008) ‘Norwalk Virus Shedding after Experimental Human Infection’, Emerging Infectious Diseases, pp. 1553–1557. doi: 10.3201/eid1410.080117.
- Balaji, S., Brundha, M. P. and Path, D. N. B. (2016) ‘Awareness of About Breast Cancer among Dental Surgeons’, Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 8(8), p. 797. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/63f4/4173d90b35bffa33eed0aeb52ac547ef1567.pdf.
- Boyce, J. M. (2001) ‘Antiseptic technology: access, affordability, and acceptance’, Emerging infectious diseases, 7(2), pp. 231–233. doi: 10.3201/eid0702.010216.
- Brundha, M. P. (2015) ‘A Comparative Study-The Role of Skin and Nerve Biopsy in Hansen’s Disease’, Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 7(10), p. 837. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brundha_Mp/publication/283561218_A_comparative_study-_the_role_of_skin_and_nerve_biopsy_in_hansen’s_disease/links/5892ba5d458515aeac946451/A-comparative-study-the-role-of-skin-and-nerve-biopsy-in-hansens-disease.pdf.
- Brundha, M. P., Pathmashri, V. P. and Sundari, S. (2019) ‘Quantitative Changes of Red Blood cells in Cancer Patients under Palliative Radiotherapy-A Retrospective Study’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 687. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2019.00122.7.
- Burton, M. et al. (2011) ‘The effect of handwashing with water or soap on bacterial contamination of hands’, International journal of environmental research and public health, 8(1), pp. 97–104. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8010097.
- Chandrasekar, R. et al. (2020) ‘Development and validation of a formula for objective assessment of cervical vertebral bone age’, Progress in orthodontics, 21(1), p. 38. doi: 10.1186/s40510-020-00338-0.
- Cure, L. and Van Enk, R. (2015) ‘Effect of hand sanitizer location on hand hygiene compliance’, American Journal of Infection Control, pp. 917–921. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.05.013.
- Deogade, S., Gupta, P. and Ariga, P. (2018) ‘Effect of monopoly-coating agent on the surface roughness of a tissue conditioner subjected to cleansing and disinfection: A Contact Profilometric In vitro study’, Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, p. 122. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_112_18.
- Dua, K. et al. (2019) ‘The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress’, Drug development research, 80(6), pp. 714–730. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21571.
- Duraisamy, R. et al. (2019) ‘Compatibility of Nonoriginal Abutments With Implants: Evaluation of Microgap at the Implant-Abutment Interface, With Original and Nonoriginal Abutments’, Implant dentistry, 28(3), pp. 289–295. doi: 10.1097/ID.0000000000000885.
- Erasmus, V. et al. (2010) ‘Improving hand hygiene behaviour of nurses using action planning: a pilot study in the intensive care unit and surgical ward’, Journal of Hospital Infection, pp. 161–164. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.024.
- Ezhilarasan, D. (2018) ‘Oxidative stress is bane in chronic liver diseases: Clinical and experimental perspective’, Arab journal of gastroenterology: the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology, 19(2), pp. 56–64. doi: 10.1016/j.ajg.2018.03.002.
- Ezhilarasan, D., Apoorva, V. S. and Ashok Vardhan, N. (2019) ‘Syzygium cumini extract induced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(2), pp. 115–121. doi: 10.1111/jop.12806.
- Ezhilarasan, D., Sokal, E. and Najimi, M. (2018) ‘Hepatic fibrosis: It is time to go with hepatic stellate cell-specific therapeutic targets’, Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international: HBPD INT, 17(3), pp. 192–197. doi: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.04.003.
- Fankhauser, R. L. et al. (2002) ‘Epidemiologic and Molecular Trends of “Norwalk‐like Viruses” Associated with Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in the United States’, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1086/341085.
- Gheena, S. and Ezhilarasan, D. (2019) ‘Syringic acid triggers reactive oxygen species-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells’, Human & experimental toxicology, 38(6), pp. 694–702. doi: 10.1177/0960327119839173.
- Gomathi, A. C. et al. (2020) ‘Anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous fruit shell extract of Tamarindus indica on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line’, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, p. 101376. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101376.
- Greenaway, R. E. et al. (2018) ‘Impact of hand sanitizer format (gel/foam/liquid) and dose amount on its sensory properties and acceptability for improving hand hygiene compliance’, The Journal of hospital infection, 100(2), pp. 195–201. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.011.
- Hannah, R. et al. (2019) ‘Liquid Paraffin as a Rehydrant for Air Dried Buccal Smear’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1197. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2019.00199.9.
- Harsha, L. and Brundha, M. P. (2017) ‘Prevalence of dental developmental anomalies among men and women and its psychological effect in a given population’, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/openview/1f488cc6e377096f44a87e509aceab79/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=54977.
- Jeevanandan, G. and Govindaraju, L. (2018) ‘Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: a double blinded randomised clinical trial’, European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, pp. 273–278. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018-0356-6.
- J, P. C. et al. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research, 20(4), pp. 531–534. doi: 10.1111/cid.12609.
- Kalaiselvi, R. and Brundha, M. P. (2016) ‘Prevalence of hysterectomy in South Indian population’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1941. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00398.x.
- Kampf, G. and Kramer, A. (2004) ‘Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, pp. 863–893. doi: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.863-893.2004.
- Knighton, S. C. et al. (2017) ‘Feasibility: An important but neglected issue in patient hand hygiene’, American Journal of Infection Control. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.12.023.
- Kumar, M. D. A., Ashok Kumar, M. D. and Brundha, M. P. (2016) ‘Awareness about nocturia-A questionnaire survey’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1707. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2016.00344.9.
- Langley, J. (2002) ‘From Soap and Water, to Waterless Agents: Update on Hand Hygiene in Health Care Settings’, Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, pp. 285–286. doi: 10.1155/2002/105306.
- Larson, E. (2001) ‘Hygiene of the skin: when is clean too clean?’, Emerging infectious diseases, 7(2), pp. 225–230. doi: 10.3201/eid0702.010215.
- Levy, S. B. (2001) ‘Antibacterial household products: cause for concern’, Emerging infectious diseases, 7(3 Suppl), pp. 512–515. doi: 10.3201/eid0707.017705.
- Liu, P. et al. (2010) ‘Effectiveness of Liquid Soap and Hand Sanitizer against Norwalk Virus on Contaminated Hands’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, pp. 394–399. doi: 10.1128/aem.01729-09.
- Luby, S. P. et al. (2011) ‘The Effect of Handwashing at Recommended Times with Water Alone and With Soap on Child Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh: An Observational Study’, PLoS Medicine, p. e1001052. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001052.
- Malli Sureshbabu, N. et al. (2019) ‘Concentrated Growth Factors as an Ingenious Biomaterial in Regeneration of Bony Defects after Periapical Surgery: A Report of Two Cases’, Case reports in dentistry, 2019, p. 7046203. doi: 10.1155/2019/7046203.
- Mathew, M. G. et al. (2020) ‘Evaluation of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, plaque accumulation on zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and surrounding gingival inflammation in primary molars: Randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, pp. 1–6. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-020-03204-9.
- Mehta, M. et al. (2019) ‘Oligonucleotide therapy: An emerging focus area for drug delivery in chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases’, Chemico-biological interactions, 308, pp. 206–215. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.028.
- Menon, S. et al. (2018) ‘Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism’, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, pp. 280–292. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.006.
- Mp, B., Brundha, M. P. and Nallaswamy, D. (2019) ‘Hide and seek in pathology- A research on game-based histopathology learning’, International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, pp. 1410–1414. doi: 10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.606.
- Panchal, V., Jeevanandan, G. and Subramanian, E. M. G. (2019) ‘Comparison of post-operative pain after root canal instrumentation with hand K-files, H-files and rotary Kedo-S files in primary teeth: a randomised clinical trial’, European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 20(5), pp. 467–472. doi: 10.1007/s40368-019-00429-5.
- Pc, J., Marimuthu, T. and Devadoss, P. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research. Available at: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29624863.
- Pittet, D. and Boyce, J. M. (2001) ‘Hand hygiene and patient care: pursuing the Semmelweis legacy’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, pp. 9–20. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70295-6.
- Prabakar, J. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Retention, Cariostatic Effect and Discoloration of Conventional and Hydrophilic Sealants - A Single Blinded Randomized Split Mouth Clinical Trial’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 9(Suppl 2), pp. S233–S239. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_132_18.
- Prashaanthi, N. and Brundha, M. P. (2018) ‘A Comparative Study between Popplet Notes and Conventional Notes for Learning Pathology’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 175. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00032.x.
- Preethikaa, S. and Brundha, M. P. (2018) ‘Awareness of diabetes mellitus among general population’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1825. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00339.6.
- Rai, H. et al. (2017) ‘Comparison of ethanol hand sanitizer versus moist towelette packets for mealtime patient hand hygiene’, American Journal of Infection Control, pp. 1033–1034. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.03.018.
- Rajendran, R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of a Paste Containing Bioactive Glass and a Topical Cream Containing Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: An in Vitro Study’, Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.4034/pboci.2019.191.61.
- Rajeshkumar, S. et al. (2018) ‘Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles usingMangifera indica leaves and evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties in lung cancer (A549) cells’, Enzyme and microbial technology, 117, pp. 91–95. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.06.009.
- Rajeshkumar, S. et al. (2019) ‘Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles mediated through Cissus arnotiana plant extract’, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 197, p. 111531. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111531.
- Ramadurai, N. et al. (2019) ‘Effectiveness of 2% Articaine as an anesthetic agent in children: randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, 23(9), pp. 3543–3550. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2775-5.
- Ramakrishnan, M., Dhanalakshmi, R. and Subramanian, E. M. G. (2019) ‘Survival rate of different fixed posterior space maintainers used in Paediatric Dentistry - A systematic review’, The Saudi dental journal, 31(2), pp. 165–172. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.02.037.
- Ramesh, A. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative estimation of sulfiredoxin levels between chronic periodontitis and healthy patients - A case-control study’, Journal of periodontology, 89(10), pp. 1241–1248. doi: 10.1002/JPER.17-0445.
- Ravichandran, H. and Brundha, M. P. (2016) ‘Awareness about personal protective equipments in hospital workers (sweepers and cleaners)’, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and ….
- R, H. et al. (2020) ‘CYP2 C9 polymorphism among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and its role in altering the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene’, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, pp. 306–312. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.06.021.
- Samuel, S. R. (2021) ‘Can 5-year-olds sensibly self-report the impact of developmental enamel defects on their quality of life?’, International journal of paediatric dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children, 31(2), pp. 285–286. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12662.
- Samuel, S. R., Acharya, S. and Rao, J. C. (2020) ‘School Interventions-based Prevention of Early-Childhood Caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial’, Journal of public health dentistry, 80(1), pp. 51–60. doi: 10.1111/jphd.12348.
- Sardar, A. (2017) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Fosfomycin Activity with other Antimicrobial Agents against E.coli Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections’, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23644.9440.
- Selwyn, S. (1982) ‘Microbiology of human skin: By W. C. NOBLE. 1981. Lloyd-Luke (Medical Books) Ltd, London. Pp. xii and 433. 25.00’, Journal of Medical Microbiology, pp. 400–401. doi: 10.1099/00222615-15-3-400.
- Sharma, P. et al. (2019) ‘Emerging trends in the novel drug delivery approaches for the treatment of lung cancer’, Chemico-biological interactions, 309, p. 108720. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.033.
- Shenoy, P. (2016) ‘B*. Dr M. P Brundha** Priyanka Shenoy. B, Saveetha Dental College, Awareness of Polycystic Ovarian Disease among Females of Age Group 18-30 years, et al’, J. Pharm. Sci. & Res, 8(8).
- Shreya, S. and Brundha, M. P. (2017) ‘Alteration of Haemoglobin Value in Relation to Age, Sex and Dental Diseases-A Retrospective Correlation Study’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 1363. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00241.4.
- Sridharan, G. et al. (2019) ‘Evaluation of salivary metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(4), pp. 299–306. doi: 10.1111/jop.12835.
- Takahashi, H. et al. (2018) ‘Efficacy of Propidium Monoazide on Quantitative Real-Time PCR-Based Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus Live Cells Treated with Various Sanitizers’, Journal of food protection, 81(11), pp. 1815–1820. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-059.
- Timothy, C. N., Samyuktha, P. S. and Brundha, M. P. (2019) ‘Dental pulp Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine – A Literature Review’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 4052. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2019.00698.x.
- Varghese, S. S., Ramesh, A. and Veeraiyan, D. N. (2019) ‘Blended Module-Based Teaching in Biostatistics and Research Methodology: A Retrospective Study with Postgraduate Dental Students’, Journal of dental education, 83(4), pp. 445–450. doi: 10.21815/JDE.019.054.
- Varshini, A., Rani, S. L. and Brundha, M. P. (2020) ‘Awareness of annual doctor checkups among general population’, Drug Invention Today, 14(2).
- Vijayashree Priyadharsini, J. (2019) ‘In silico validation of the non-antibiotic drugs acetaminophen and ibuprofen as antibacterial agents against red complex pathogens’, Journal of periodontology, 90(12), pp. 1441–1448. doi: 10.1002/JPER.18-0673.
- Vijayashree Priyadharsini, J., Smiline Girija, A. S. and Paramasivam, A. (2018) ‘In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species’, Archives of oral biology, 94, pp. 93–98. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.001.
- Vishnu Prasad, S. et al. (2018) ‘Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India’, Special care in dentistry: official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry, 38(1), pp. 58–59. doi: 10.1111/scd.12267.
- Wahab, P. U. A. et al. (2018) ‘Scalpel Versus Diathermy in Wound Healing After Mucosal Incisions: A Split-Mouth Study’, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 76(6), pp. 1160–1164. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.12.020.
- Ferdioz .J, Brundha MP.(2016) Awareness of stye International journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research 40 (1) Available from http: // globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v40-1/08.pdf.
- Article View: 3
- PDF Download: 4